#go
#go
There are many ways to contribute to the Jane theme: submitting pull requests, reporting issues, providing new translations, and creating suggestions.
If you want to understand how Jane works, you’ll want to get the source, build it, and run locally.
git clone https://github.com/xianmin/hugo-theme-jane.git
You need install the Hugo_extended version to use Hugo Pipes.
We recommend that you use VSCode. And if you edit .html files, recommend you install prettier and prettier-plugin-go-template globally . And open Prettier: Resolve Global Modules in your VSCode Settings.
npm install -g prettier prettier-plugin-go-template
hugo server --contentDir='./exampleSite/content' --config='dev-config.toml'
layouts/ Stores templates in the form of .html files that specify how views of your content will be rendered into a static website.assets/ stores all the scss & js source files, Hugo Pipes will bundle them to resources/ folder.Hugo uses the excellent go html/template library for its template engine. It is an extremely lightweight engine that provides a very small amount of logic. In our experience that it is just the right amount of logic to be able to create a good static website. If you have used other template systems from different languages or frameworks you will find a lot of similarities in go templates.
This document is a brief primer on using go templates. The go docs provide more details.
Go templates provide an extremely simple template language. It adheres to the belief that only the most basic of logic belongs in the template or view layer. One consequence of this simplicity is that go templates parse very quickly.
A unique characteristic of go templates is they are content aware. Variables and content will be sanitized depending on the context of where they are used. More details can be found in the go docs.
Go lang templates are html files with the addition of variables and functions.
Go variables and functions are accessible within {{ }}
Accessing a predefined variable “foo”:
{{ foo }}
Parameters are separated using spaces
Calling the add function with input of 1, 2:
{{ add 1 2 }}
Methods and fields are accessed via dot notation
Accessing the Page Parameter “bar”
{{ .Params.bar }}
Parentheses can be used to group items together
{{ if or (isset .Params "alt") (isset .Params "caption") }} Caption {{ end }}
Each go template has a struct (object) made available to it. In hugo each template is passed either a page or a node struct depending on which type of page you are rendering. More details are available on the variables page.
A variable is accessed by referencing the variable name.
<title>{{ .Title }}</title>
Variables can also be defined and referenced.
{{ $address := "123 Main St."}}
{{ $address }}
Go template ship with a few functions which provide basic functionality. The go template system also provides a mechanism for applications to extend the available functions with their own. Hugo template functions provide some additional functionality we believe are useful for building websites. Functions are called by using their name followed by the required parameters separated by spaces. Template functions cannot be added without recompiling hugo.
Example:
{{ add 1 2 }}
When including another template you will pass to it the data it will be able to access. To pass along the current context please remember to include a trailing dot. The templates location will always be starting at the /layout/ directory within Hugo.
Example:
{{ template "chrome/header.html" . }}
Go templates provide the most basic iteration and conditional logic.
Just like in go, the go templates make heavy use of range to iterate over a map, array or slice. The following are different examples of how to use range.
Example 1: Using Context
{{ range array }}
{{ . }}
{{ end }}
Example 2: Declaring value variable name
{{range $element := array}}
{{ $element }}
{{ end }}
Example 2: Declaring key and value variable name
{{range $index, $element := array}}
{{ $index }}
{{ $element }}
{{ end }}
If, else, with, or, & and provide the framework for handling conditional
logic in Go Templates. Like range, each statement is closed with end.
Go Templates treat the following values as false:
Example 1: If
{{ if isset .Params "title" }}<h4>{{ index .Params "title" }}</h4>{{ end }}
Example 2: If -> Else
{{ if isset .Params "alt" }}
{{ index .Params "alt" }}
{{else}}
{{ index .Params "caption" }}
{{ end }}
Example 3: And & Or
{{ if and (or (isset .Params "title") (isset .Params "caption")) (isset .Params "attr")}}
Example 4: With
An alternative way of writing “if” and then referencing the same value
is to use “with” instead. With rebinds the context . within its scope,
and skips the block if the variable is absent.
The first example above could be simplified as:
{{ with .Params.title }}<h4>{{ . }}</h4>{{ end }}
Example 5: If -> Else If
{{ if isset .Params "alt" }}
{{ index .Params "alt" }}
{{ else if isset .Params "caption" }}
{{ index .Params "caption" }}
{{ end }}
One of the most powerful components of go templates is the ability to stack actions one after another. This is done by using pipes. Borrowed from unix pipes, the concept is simple, each pipeline’s output becomes the input of the following pipe.
Because of the very simple syntax of go templates, the pipe is essential to being able to chain together function calls. One limitation of the pipes is that they only can work with a single value and that value becomes the last parameter of the next pipeline.
A few simple examples should help convey how to use the pipe.
Example 1 :
{{ if eq 1 1 }} Same {{ end }}
is the same as
{{ eq 1 1 | if }} Same {{ end }}
It does look odd to place the if at the end, but it does provide a good illustration of how to use the pipes.
Example 2 :
{{ index .Params "disqus_url" | html }}
Access the page parameter called “disqus_url” and escape the HTML.
Example 3 :
{{ if or (or (isset .Params "title") (isset .Params "caption")) (isset .Params "attr")}}
Stuff Here
{{ end }}
Could be rewritten as
{{ isset .Params "caption" | or isset .Params "title" | or isset .Params "attr" | if }}
Stuff Here
{{ end }}
The most easily overlooked concept to understand about go templates is that {{ . }} always refers to the current context. In the top level of your template this will be the data set made available to it. Inside of a iteration it will have the value of the current item. When inside of a loop the context has changed. . will no longer refer to the data available to the entire page. If you need to access this from within the loop you will likely want to set it to a variable instead of depending on the context.
Example:
{{ $title := .Site.Title }}
{{ range .Params.tags }}
<li> <a href="{{ $baseurl }}/tags/{{ . | urlize }}">{{ . }}</a> - {{ $title }} </li>
{{ end }}
Notice how once we have entered the loop the value of {{ . }} has changed. We have defined a variable outside of the loop so we have access to it from within the loop.
Hugo provides the option of passing values to the template language through the site configuration (for sitewide values), or through the meta data of each specific piece of content. You can define any values of any type (supported by your front matter/config format) and use them however you want to inside of your templates.
In each piece of content you can provide variables to be used by the templates. This happens in the front matter.
An example of this is used in this documentation site. Most of the pages benefit from having the table of contents provided. Sometimes the TOC just doesn’t make a lot of sense. We’ve defined a variable in our front matter of some pages to turn off the TOC from being displayed.
Here is the example front matter:
---
title: "Permalinks"
date: "2013-11-18"
aliases:
- "/doc/permalinks/"
groups: ["extras"]
groups_weight: 30
notoc: true
---
Here is the corresponding code inside of the template:
{{ if not .Params.notoc }}
<div id="toc" class="well col-md-4 col-sm-6">
{{ .TableOfContents }}
</div>
{{ end }}
In your top-level configuration file (eg, config.yaml) you can define site
parameters, which are values which will be available to you in chrome.
For instance, you might declare:
params:
CopyrightHTML: "Copyright © 2013 John Doe. All Rights Reserved."
TwitterUser: "spf13"
SidebarRecentLimit: 5
Within a footer layout, you might then declare a <footer> which is only
provided if the CopyrightHTML parameter is provided, and if it is given,
you would declare it to be HTML-safe, so that the HTML entity is not escaped
again. This would let you easily update just your top-level config file each
January 1st, instead of hunting through your templates.
{{if .Site.Params.CopyrightHTML}}<footer>
<div class="text-center">{{.Site.Params.CopyrightHTML | safeHtml}}</div>
</footer>{{end}}
An alternative way of writing the “if” and then referencing the same value
is to use “with” instead. With rebinds the context . within its scope,
and skips the block if the variable is absent:
{{with .Site.Params.TwitterUser}}<span class="twitter">
<a href="https://twitter.com/{{.}}" rel="author">
<img src="/images/twitter.png" width="48" height="48" title="Twitter: {{.}}"
alt="Twitter"></a>
</span>{{end}}
Finally, if you want to pull “magic constants” out of your layouts, you can do so, such as in this example:
<nav class="recent">
<h1>Recent Posts</h1>
<ul>{{range first .Site.Params.SidebarRecentLimit .Site.Recent}}
<li><a href="{{.RelPermalink}}">{{.Title}}</a></li>
{{end}}</ul>
</nav>
Hugo uses the excellent go html/template library for its template engine. It is an extremely lightweight engine that provides a very small amount of logic. In our experience that it is just the right amount of logic to be able to create a good static website. If you have used other template systems from different languages or frameworks you will find a lot of similarities in go templates.
This document is a brief primer on using go templates. The go docs provide more details.
Go templates provide an extremely simple template language. It adheres to the belief that only the most basic of logic belongs in the template or view layer. One consequence of this simplicity is that go templates parse very quickly.
A unique characteristic of go templates is they are content aware. Variables and content will be sanitized depending on the context of where they are used. More details can be found in the go docs.
Go lang templates are html files with the addition of variables and functions.
Go variables and functions are accessible within {{ }}
Accessing a predefined variable “foo”:
{{ foo }}
Parameters are separated using spaces
Calling the add function with input of 1, 2:
{{ add 1 2 }}
Methods and fields are accessed via dot notation
Accessing the Page Parameter “bar”
{{ .Params.bar }}
Parentheses can be used to group items together
{{ if or (isset .Params "alt") (isset .Params "caption") }} Caption {{ end }}
Each go template has a struct (object) made available to it. In hugo each template is passed either a page or a node struct depending on which type of page you are rendering. More details are available on the variables page.
A variable is accessed by referencing the variable name.
<title>{{ .Title }}</title>
Variables can also be defined and referenced.
{{ $address := "123 Main St."}}
{{ $address }}
Go template ship with a few functions which provide basic functionality. The go template system also provides a mechanism for applications to extend the available functions with their own. Hugo template functions provide some additional functionality we believe are useful for building websites. Functions are called by using their name followed by the required parameters separated by spaces. Template functions cannot be added without recompiling hugo.
Example:
{{ add 1 2 }}
When including another template you will pass to it the data it will be able to access. To pass along the current context please remember to include a trailing dot. The templates location will always be starting at the /layout/ directory within Hugo.
Example:
{{ template "chrome/header.html" . }}
Go templates provide the most basic iteration and conditional logic.
Just like in go, the go templates make heavy use of range to iterate over a map, array or slice. The following are different examples of how to use range.
Example 1: Using Context
{{ range array }}
{{ . }}
{{ end }}
Example 2: Declaring value variable name
{{range $element := array}}
{{ $element }}
{{ end }}
Example 2: Declaring key and value variable name
{{range $index, $element := array}}
{{ $index }}
{{ $element }}
{{ end }}
If, else, with, or, & and provide the framework for handling conditional
logic in Go Templates. Like range, each statement is closed with end.
Go Templates treat the following values as false:
Example 1: If
{{ if isset .Params "title" }}<h4>{{ index .Params "title" }}</h4>{{ end }}
Example 2: If -> Else
{{ if isset .Params "alt" }}
{{ index .Params "alt" }}
{{else}}
{{ index .Params "caption" }}
{{ end }}
Example 3: And & Or
{{ if and (or (isset .Params "title") (isset .Params "caption")) (isset .Params "attr")}}
Example 4: With
An alternative way of writing “if” and then referencing the same value
is to use “with” instead. With rebinds the context . within its scope,
and skips the block if the variable is absent.
The first example above could be simplified as:
{{ with .Params.title }}<h4>{{ . }}</h4>{{ end }}
Example 5: If -> Else If
{{ if isset .Params "alt" }}
{{ index .Params "alt" }}
{{ else if isset .Params "caption" }}
{{ index .Params "caption" }}
{{ end }}
One of the most powerful components of go templates is the ability to stack actions one after another. This is done by using pipes. Borrowed from unix pipes, the concept is simple, each pipeline’s output becomes the input of the following pipe.
Because of the very simple syntax of go templates, the pipe is essential to being able to chain together function calls. One limitation of the pipes is that they only can work with a single value and that value becomes the last parameter of the next pipeline.
A few simple examples should help convey how to use the pipe.
Example 1 :
{{ if eq 1 1 }} Same {{ end }}
is the same as
{{ eq 1 1 | if }} Same {{ end }}
It does look odd to place the if at the end, but it does provide a good illustration of how to use the pipes.
Example 2 :
{{ index .Params "disqus_url" | html }}
Access the page parameter called “disqus_url” and escape the HTML.
Example 3 :
{{ if or (or (isset .Params "title") (isset .Params "caption")) (isset .Params "attr")}}
Stuff Here
{{ end }}
Could be rewritten as
{{ isset .Params "caption" | or isset .Params "title" | or isset .Params "attr" | if }}
Stuff Here
{{ end }}
The most easily overlooked concept to understand about go templates is that {{ . }} always refers to the current context. In the top level of your template this will be the data set made available to it. Inside of a iteration it will have the value of the current item. When inside of a loop the context has changed. . will no longer refer to the data available to the entire page. If you need to access this from within the loop you will likely want to set it to a variable instead of depending on the context.
Example:
{{ $title := .Site.Title }}
{{ range .Params.tags }}
<li> <a href="{{ $baseurl }}/tags/{{ . | urlize }}">{{ . }}</a> - {{ $title }} </li>
{{ end }}
Notice how once we have entered the loop the value of {{ . }} has changed. We have defined a variable outside of the loop so we have access to it from within the loop.
Hugo provides the option of passing values to the template language through the site configuration (for sitewide values), or through the meta data of each specific piece of content. You can define any values of any type (supported by your front matter/config format) and use them however you want to inside of your templates.
In each piece of content you can provide variables to be used by the templates. This happens in the front matter.
An example of this is used in this documentation site. Most of the pages benefit from having the table of contents provided. Sometimes the TOC just doesn’t make a lot of sense. We’ve defined a variable in our front matter of some pages to turn off the TOC from being displayed.
Here is the example front matter:
---
title: "Permalinks"
date: "2013-11-18"
aliases:
- "/doc/permalinks/"
groups: ["extras"]
groups_weight: 30
notoc: true
---
Here is the corresponding code inside of the template:
{{ if not .Params.notoc }}
<div id="toc" class="well col-md-4 col-sm-6">
{{ .TableOfContents }}
</div>
{{ end }}
In your top-level configuration file (eg, config.yaml) you can define site
parameters, which are values which will be available to you in chrome.
For instance, you might declare:
params:
CopyrightHTML: "Copyright © 2013 John Doe. All Rights Reserved."
TwitterUser: "spf13"
SidebarRecentLimit: 5
Within a footer layout, you might then declare a <footer> which is only
provided if the CopyrightHTML parameter is provided, and if it is given,
you would declare it to be HTML-safe, so that the HTML entity is not escaped
again. This would let you easily update just your top-level config file each
January 1st, instead of hunting through your templates.
{{if .Site.Params.CopyrightHTML}}<footer>
<div class="text-center">{{.Site.Params.CopyrightHTML | safeHtml}}</div>
</footer>{{end}}
An alternative way of writing the “if” and then referencing the same value
is to use “with” instead. With rebinds the context . within its scope,
and skips the block if the variable is absent:
{{with .Site.Params.TwitterUser}}<span class="twitter">
<a href="https://twitter.com/{{.}}" rel="author">
<img src="/images/twitter.png" width="48" height="48" title="Twitter: {{.}}"
alt="Twitter"></a>
</span>{{end}}
Finally, if you want to pull “magic constants” out of your layouts, you can do so, such as in this example:
<nav class="recent">
<h1>Recent Posts</h1>
<ul>{{range first .Site.Params.SidebarRecentLimit .Site.Recent}}
<li><a href="{{.RelPermalink}}">{{.Title}}</a></li>
{{end}}</ul>
</nav>
Goto hugo releases and download the appropriate version for your os and architecture.
Save it somewhere specific as we will be using it in the next step.
More complete instructions are available at installing hugo
Hugo has its own example site which happens to also be the documentation site you are reading right now.
Follow the following steps:
Corresponding pseudo commands:
git clone https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo
cd hugo
/path/to/where/you/installed/hugo server --source=./docs
> 29 pages created
> 0 tags index created
> in 27 ms
> Web Server is available at http://localhost:1313
> Press ctrl+c to stop
Once you’ve gotten here, follow along the rest of this page on your local build.
Stop the Hugo process by hitting ctrl+c.
Now we are going to run hugo again, but this time with hugo in watch mode.
/path/to/hugo/from/step/1/hugo server --source=./docs --watch
> 29 pages created
> 0 tags index created
> in 27 ms
> Web Server is available at http://localhost:1313
> Watching for changes in /Users/spf13/Code/hugo/docs/content
> Press ctrl+c to stop
Open your favorite editor and change one of the source content pages. How about changing this very file to fix the typo. How about changing this very file to fix the typo.
Content files are found in docs/content/. Unless otherwise specified, files
are located at the same relative location as the url, in our case
docs/content/overview/quickstart.md.
Change and save this file.. Notice what happened in your terminal.
> Change detected, rebuilding site
> 29 pages created
> 0 tags index created
> in 26 ms
Refresh the browser and observe that the typo is now fixed.
Notice how quick that was. Try to refresh the site before it’s finished building.. I double dare you. Having nearly instant feedback enables you to have your creativity flow without waiting for long builds.
The best way to learn something is to play with it.